GC = two-semester sequence of general chemistry The abbreviations found in parentheses indicate the course(s) in which undergraduate students at many colleges and universities learn about the topics and associated subtopics. The content in this category covers atomic structure, nuclear decay, electronic structure, and the periodic nature of atomic chemical behavior. Mass spectrometry is an analytical tool that allows characterization of atoms or molecules, based on well recognized fragmentation patterns and the charge to mass ratio ( m/z) of ions generated in the gas phase. Since the outermost, or valence, electrons are responsible for the strongest chemical interactions, a description of these electrons alone is a good first approximation to describe the behavior of any particular type of atom. These levels are described individually by quantum numbers. Only discrete energy levels are allowed for electrons. The electronic structure of an atom is responsible for its chemical and physical properties. The products of nuclear decay (alpha, beta, and gamma rays) can interact with living tissue, breaking chemical bonds and ionizing atoms and molecules in the process. When a nucleus is unstable, decay results from one of several different processes, which are random, but occur at well-characterized average rates. Because neutrons are uncharged, they do not dramatically affect the chemistry of any particular type of atom, but do affect the stability of the nucleus itself. Chemical interactions between atoms are the result of electrostatic forces involving the electrons and the nuclei.
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